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Art Nouveau ((:aʁ nuvo), Anglicised to ; at. ''Sezession'' or ''Secessionsstil'', Czech ''Secese'', Eng. ''Modern Style'', Ger. ''Jugendstil'' or ''Reformstil'', Ital. also ''Stile Floreale'' or ''Liberty'', Slovak. ''Secesia'', Russ. ''Modern'') or Jugendstil is an international philosophy〔Duncan (1994), 7.〕 and style of art, architecture and applied art – especially the decorative arts – that was most popular during 1890–1910.〔Sterner (1982), 6.〕 English uses the French name ''Art Nouveau'' ("new art"), but the style has many different names in other countries. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural environment.〔(Art Nouveau – Art Nouveau Art )〕 Art Nouveau is considered a "total" art style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of the decorative arts including jewellery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as the fine arts. According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc. Artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects.〔 Although Art Nouveau was replaced by 20th-century Modernist styles,〔Henry R. Hope, review of H. Lenning, ''The Art Nouveau''", ''The Art Bulletin'', vol. 34 (June 1952), 168–171 (esp. 168–169): Discussing the state of Art Nouveau during 1952, the author notes that Art Nouveau, which had become disfavored, was not yet an acceptable study for serious art history or a subject suitable for major museum exhibitions and their respective catalogs. He predicts an impending change, however.〕 it is now considered as an important transition between the eclectic historic revival styles of the 19th century and Modernism.〔 ==Origins== At its beginning, neither ''Art Nouveau'' nor ''Jugendstil'' was the common name of the style but was known as this in some locations, and the style had different names as it was spread.〔Duncan (1994): 23–24.〕 Those two names came from, respectively, Siegfried Bing's gallery Maison de l'Art Nouveau in Paris and the magazine ''Jugend'' in Munich,〔 both of which promoted and popularised the style.〔 ''Maison de l'Art Nouveau'' (''House of New Art'') was the name of the gallery initiated in 1895 by the German art dealer Siegfried Bing in Paris that featured exclusively modern art.〔Martin Eidelberg and Suzanne Henrion-Giele, "Horta and Bing: An Unwritten Episode of L'Art Nouveau", ''The Burlington Magazine'', vol. 119, Special Issue Devoted to European Art Since 1890 (Nov. 1977), pp. 747–752.〕〔Duncan (1994), 15–16; 25–27.〕 The fame of his gallery was increased at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, where he presented coordinated—in design and color—installations of modern furniture, tapestries and ''objets d'art''.〔 These decorative displays became so strongly associated with the style that the name of his gallery subsequently provided a commonly used term for the entire style.〔 Thus the term "Art Nouveau" was created. Part of the evolution of Art Nouveau were several international fairs which presented buildings and products designed in the new style. So, the 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition marks the beginning of the Modernisme, with some buildings of Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The ''Exposition Universelle'' of 1900 in Paris, presented an overview of the 'modern style' in every medium. It achieved further recognition at the ''Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna'' of 1902 in Turin, Italy, where designers exhibited from almost every European country where Art Nouveau was practiced. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「art nouveau」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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